Sylhet
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Sylhet
সিলেট | |
---|---|
Clockwise from the top: Downtown Sylhet, Sylhet Railway Station, Sylhet International Cricket Stadium, Tea garden in countryside, Shah Jalal Dargah, City Point. | |
Coordinates: 24°54′N 91°52′E / 24.900°N 91.867°E | |
Country | ![]() |
Division | Sylhet Division |
District | Sylhet |
Municipal Board | 1867 |
Sylhet City Corporation | 9 April 2001 |
Metropolitan city | 31 March 2009[1] |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor–Council |
• Body | Sylhet City Corporation |
• Mayor | Anwaruzzaman Chowdhury (AL) |
• Police Commissioner | Md. Nisharul Arif |
Area | |
• Urban | 58 km2 (22 sq mi) |
• Metro | 518.43 km2 (200.17 sq mi) |
Elevation | 35 m (115 ft) |
Population (2011) | |
• Metropolis | 1,316,467 |
• Density | 19,865/km2 (51,450/sq mi) |
Demonym | Sylheti |
Time zone | UTC+6 (BST) |
Postal code | 3100 |
HDI (2019) | 0.631[2] medium |
International airport | Osmani International Airport |
Regional Calling code | +880821 |
Police | Sylhet Metropolitan Police |
Website | scc |
Sylhet (Bengali: সিলেট; IPA: [sileʈ]), is a metropolitan city located in the northeastern region of Bangladesh. It is the administrative center of Sylhet Division and is situated on the banks of the Surma River. Sylhet is the fifth-largest city in Bangladesh, with a population of around 700,000 people.
Sylhet is known for its tea plantations and natural beauty.[4] The city has a history dating back to the 14th century and has been ruled by various dynasties and empires, including the Mughals, British, and the Nawabs of Bengal. The city is also home to several important landmarks, such as the Shah Jalal Dargah, which is one of the holiest sites in Bangladesh and attracts thousands of pilgrims every year.[5]
Sylhet is one of the most economically important cities in Bangladesh after Dhaka and Chittagong.[6] Sylhet is a major commercial and financial center, and it is home to several multinational companies and industries, including the tea industry, which generates a significant amount of revenue for the city. The city has a diverse population, with Bengalis, Tripuris, and other ethnic groups living together. The official language of Sylhet is Standard Bengali, while Sylheti is the most spoken. English is widely spoken and understood because people from Sylhet form a significant portion of the Bangladeshi diaspora, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. According to The Daily Star, about 95% of Bangladeshi population in the UK comes from the Sylhet district.[7] Sylhet has diverse transport infrastructure, with a modern airport, railway station, and bus terminals that connect it to other parts of the country.[8] The city also has several educational institutions, including Sylhet Agricultural University, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, and Sylhet Cadet College.
Etymology and names
[edit]Sylhet is the anglicisation of শিলহট (Śilhôṭ), one of the archaic native names for the city.[citation needed] The local name is generally thought to be directly derived from শ্রীহট্ট (Śrīhaṭṭa), the Sanskrit name of the city.[9] The city of Śrīhaṭṭa takes its name from Śrīhaṭṭanātha, the tutelary deity of the Nātha dynasty who promoted the early settlement of Nāthas in the Surma and Barak valleys between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, founding the Śrīhaṭṭa janapada and establishing Śrīhaṭṭanātha idols across the region.[10] The later Hindu rajas of Sylhet, such as Gour Govinda, continued to pay tribute to the deity as Hāṭkeśvara or Haṭṭanātha as evident from the Devipurana and copper-plate inscriptions.[11]
History
[edit]In 1303, the Sultan of Lakhnauti Shamsuddin Firoz Shah conquered Sylhet by defeating Gour Govinda.[12] Sylhet was a realm of the Bengal Sultanate. In the 16th-century, Sylhet was controlled by the Baro-Bhuyan zamindars and later became a sarkar (district) of the Mughal Empire.[13] Sylhet emerged after 1612 as the Mughals' most significant imperial outpost in Bengal east of Dhaka, and its importance remained as such throughout the seventeenth century.[14] British rule began in the 18th century under the administration of the East India Company. Sylhet became a key source of lascars in the British Empire due in part to its ancient seafaring tradition. The Sylhet municipal board was established in 1867.[15] Originally part of the Bengal Presidency and later Eastern Bengal and Assam, the town became part of Colonial Assam in 1874. A devastating earthquake demolished almost the entire town on 12 June 1897 following which a modern and European model new town was built on the wreckage.[citation needed] From the beginning of the 20th century, the importance of Sylhet increased with the establishment of the tea industry.[citation needed]
In 1947, following a referendum and the partition of British India, Sylhet became part of East Pakistan.[12] In 1995, the Government of Bangladesh declared Sylhet as the sixth divisional headquarters of the country.[16] Sylhet has played a vital role in the Economy of Bangladesh. Several of Bangladesh's finance ministers have been members of parliament from the city of Sylhet. Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran was a longtime mayor of Sylhet. Humayun Rashid Choudhury, a diplomat from Sylhet, served as President of the UN General Assembly and Speaker of the Bangladesh National Parliament.
In 2001, the municipality was upgraded to the Sylhet City Corporation. It was made a metropolitan city in 2009.[17]
Geography and climate
[edit]Sylhet is located in the northeastern region of Bangladesh within the Sylhet Division, the Sylhet District, and Sylhet Sadar Upazila. Sylhet has a typical Bangladeshi tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) at higher elevations. The rainy season runs from April to October, and is generally hot and humid with heavy showers and thunderstorms almost every day. The shorter dry season runs from November to February, with very warm and fairly clear weather. Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of 4,200 millimetres (170 in) occurs between May and September.[18]
The city is located within a topographically distinctive region of Bangladesh characterized by dramatic hills and basins. The physiography of Sylhet consists mainly of hill soils and encompasses a few large depressions known locally as "beels," which are frequently oxbow lakes caused by tectonic subsidence during the earthquake of 1762.
Geologically, the region is complex and diverse; higher-elevation regions date partly to the Plio-Miocene age. Available limestone deposits in different parts of the region suggest that the whole area was under the ocean in the Oligo-Miocene. In the last 150 years, three major earthquakes have hit the city with magnitude of at least 7.5 on the Richter Scale, most recently in 1918.[19]
Climate data for Sylhet (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 34.5 (94.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
38.8 (101.8) |
39.2 (102.6) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.6 (103.3) |
38.4 (101.1) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.0 (98.6) |
35.0 (95.0) |
31.3 (88.3) |
39.6 (103.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.6 (78.1) |
28.2 (82.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.5 (88.7) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
29.7 (85.5) |
26.8 (80.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
24.3 (75.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.6 (81.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
27.9 (82.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.8 (76.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
24.8 (76.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
14.0 (57.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
22.3 (72.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 7 (0.3) |
38 (1.5) |
127 (5.0) |
382 (15.0) |
590 (23.2) |
795 (31.3) |
723 (28.5) |
609 (24.0) |
496 (19.5) |
201 (7.9) |
25 (1.0) |
10 (0.4) |
4,003 (157.6) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 1 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 26 | 20 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 161 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 212.2 | 210.6 | 223.2 | 196.1 | 178.6 | 121.9 | 132.8 | 145.1 | 148.7 | 218.9 | 242.9 | 238.0 | 2,269 |
Source: NOAA[20] |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tea_garden_31118.jpg/220px-Tea_garden_31118.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B.jpg)
Administration
[edit]On 10 April 2001, Sylhet was changed to a city corporation from a municipal board, and currently the city is administered by the Sylhet City Corporation. At present, Sylhet is the district-headquarters as well as the divisional headquarters of the districts of Sunamganj, Habiganj, Moulvibazar and Sylhet District. The Sylhet City Corporation is responsible for the services that are provided within the city which includes traffic, roads, garbage collection, water supply, registrations and many others. The corporation consists of the Mayor and 22 other commissioners, and focuses on the development of the city.[21] Sylhet is divided into 6 metropolitan thanas (police stations), 42 wards, and 1224 mahallas.[citation needed]
Military
[edit]Sylhet is strategically important for the Bangladesh Armed Forces. The Bangladesh Army's 17th Infantry Division is based at Jalalabad Cantonment in Sylhet.[22] The cantonment is also home of the School of Infantry and Tactics (SI&T) and the 1st Para-commando Battalion, an elite commando unit of the Bangladesh Army.[citation needed]
Healthcare
[edit]Sylhet is also home to many hospitals such as the Shahid Shamsuddin Hospital District Hospital, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Jalalabad Ragib-Rabeya Medical College, North East Medical College, and Sylhet Women's Medical College.[citation needed]
In 2018, Sylhet Medical University was established in the city, following the Prime Minister's order to found a medical university in each division with the goal of maintaining medical standards in colleges. According to the order, Chittagong and Rajshahi Medical University have already been established, and Sylhet Medical University is the fourth Medical University of the directive.[23][24]
Demographics
[edit]As of the 2011 Bangladesh census, Sylhet has a population of 485,138.[25] The population growth rate of the city is 1.73%, a decrease from 1.93% in 1991.[26] Sylhet has a sex ratio of 861 females to 1000 males and a literacy rate of 67.8%.[25]
The majority of the population are Bengali Muslims, while significant minority population groups include the Bengali Hindus, Bishnupriya Manipuri and others.[27] Sylheti is spoken by the vast majority of the people, while Standard Bengali is the official language used by the state government and officials.[28][29][30]
The majority of people in Sylhet are Muslims (87.3%), while other religious groups include Hindus (12.5%) and less than 0.2% of other religions, mainly Buddhists and Christians. The majority of Muslims in Sylhet are Sunnis who follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence.[31] Significant numbers of people also follow Sufi ideals, particularly the teachings of Abdul Latif Fultali.[32]
Economy
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2024) |
The Sylhet Metropolitan Area is one of Bangladesh's main business centres. Sylhet's economy is closely linked with the Bangladeshi diaspora, especially the British Bangladeshi community. The city receives a significant portion of the country's annual remittances, which have driven growth in real estate and construction.[33] A number of shopping centres, restaurants and hotels have opened as a result. Sylhet also relies on religious tourism, with thousands of devotees visiting its Sufi shrines annually, as well as ecotourism in its broader natural hinterland.[citation needed] Nature resorts have been built in the city's outskirts. Several important Bangladeshi companies are based in Sylhet, including Jalalabad Gas Transmission and Distribution, Sylhet Gas Fields and Alim Industries. Biman Bangladesh Airlines operates several flights from Sylhet to the United Kingdom and the Middle East. Roads connect Sylhet with the Indian states of Meghalaya and Assam.
Sylhet's hinterland plays a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh. It is home to the country's largest natural gas fields, sole crude oil field,[34] largest tea plantations, rubber, palm oil, cane, agarwood[35] and citrus farms. Rice production in the region is one of the country's highest. Heavy industries include power plants, fertilizer plants, cement plants and liquefied petroleum gas plants. Other major industries in the region include ceramics, machinery and equipment, ready-made garments and pharmaceuticals. Most of the tea production in Bangladesh is based around Sylhet, much of which is eventually exported internationally.[citation needed]
Two Bangladeshi finance ministers from the city have been elected to the Jatiyo Sangshad for Sylhet: Saifur Rahman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party; and Abul Maal Abdul Muhith of the Awami League. The present foreign affairs minister DR. A K Abdul Momen, who is the younger brother of Abdul Muhith, currently represents the Sylhet-1 seat in parliament.[citation needed]
Utilities
[edit]Sylhet has high rates of electricity and water shortages. According to the Power Development Board, as of 2009, Sylhet was only receiving 50 MW, half of the required demand of 100 MW. The city corporation was also supplying only 22,500 gallons of water, far less than the demand of about 65,000.[36] The major sources of water to the city are the tube wells and the Surma River.[citation needed] Tests of tube wells in Sylhet District by the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in 1997 found that about 27.6% contained more arsenic than the acceptable limit set by Bangladesh of 50 micrograms per liter, and 49.2% contained more arsenic than the World Health Organization standard of 10 micrograms per liter.[37] There are about 331 registered restaurants in the city, but only 15% maintain sanitary facilities and 85% have unhygienic conditions that are unsafe for the public.[38]
Culture
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2024) |
The cultural identity of Sylhet has been shaped by a blend of indigenous practices, Sufi influences, and the assimilation of diverse communities. Sylhet is also known for its music scene, and it is home to several renowned musicians and artists.[citation needed] The city has a rich literary tradition, producing several notable writers and poets including Syed Mujtaba Ali and Humayun Ahmed.
Cuisine
[edit]Sylheti cuisine is known for its distinct flavors and aromatic dishes. Popular delicacies in the city include pitha (rice cakes), shorshe ilish (hilsa fish in mustard sauce), shatkora beef, and doi chira (flattened rice with yogurt). The region's love for tea is evident in its numerous tea gardens and the consumption of "seven-layer tea," a unique layered beverage.
Sports
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE.jpg)
Cricket is the most popular sport in Sylhet.[citation needed] The Bangladesh Premier League franchise Sylhet Strikers are based in Sylhet International Cricket Stadium (M.A.G. Osmani Stadium), which was built in 2007 and has a capacity of 18,500 spectators. The Sylhet International Cricket Stadium was renovated in 2013 specifically to host matches for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20. It is situated near lush green tea gardens on the city fringe.[39] In the National Cricket League, Sylhet Division has not won any titles but did win in the One-Day Cricket League during the 2001–02 season. Notable players from Sylhet who have played for the Bangladesh national cricket team include Rajin Saleh,[40] Enamul Haque Jr,[41] Tapash Baisya,[42] and Alok Kapali.[43] Chess player Rani Hamid was awarded the FIDE Women's International Master (WIM) title in 1985, while her son Kaiser Hamid was the captain of the Bangladesh national football team in the early 90s.[44]
Transport
[edit]Road
[edit]The main transport systems used in Sylhet are cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws (mainly known as baby-taxis or CNGs), buses, mini-buses and cars. About 80,000 rickshaws run each day within the city. Bus service prices have increased up to 30% higher, and as of 2008 prices range from Tk 4 to 15.95.[45]
The N2 connects the city with Bangladesh's capital and largest city, Dhaka, as well as with many other parts of the country. The N2 highway is also part of the Asian Highway Network's two longest routes, AH1 and AH2.
Air
[edit]Sylhet is served by Osmani International Airport, located at the north of the city. It is Bangladesh's third busiest airport, and it became an international airport due to demand driven by expatriate Bangladeshis and their families living in the United Kingdom and the United States. The most prevalent airlines at the airport are Biman Bangladesh Airlines, US-Bangla Airlines and Novoair.
Osmani International Airport received its first international arrival on 3 November 2002, with a Biman plane arriving from Kuwait via Abu Dhabi en route to Dhaka.[46] Sylhet's first direct international flight arrived on 15 March 2017 when a Flydubai direct flight from Dubai landed at the airport.[47] Work began in 2006 to upgrade the airport to international standards, including a new terminal building, a jetway, a taxiway, and expansion of the runway to accommodate wide-bodied aircraft.[48] In May 2007, Biman announced direct Hajj flights originating from the airport later that year.[49] As of 2020, Biman Bangladesh operates direct flight to London from Sylhet.[50] All Bangladeshi airlines operate regular domestic flights to Dhaka and Biman operates regular domestic flights to Cox's Bazar.[51]
In response to the increase in passenger and cargo demand at the airport, work began in 2020 on a new 34,919 square metres (375,860 sq ft) international passenger terminal building, as well as a cargo building, a control tower, parking areas, and a taxiway.[52][53]
Rail
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Parabat_Express.jpg/220px-Parabat_Express.jpg)
The Sylhet railway station is the main railway station providing trains on national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway. Some train routes originating or terminating in Sylhet include the following.
Towards Dhaka
[edit]Train No. | Train Name | Train Type | Departures |
---|---|---|---|
710 | Parabat Express | Intercity | Daily (except Tue) |
718 | Jayantika Express | Intercity | Daily |
740 | Upaban Express | Intercity | Daily |
774 | Kalni Express | Intercity | Daily (except Fri) |
10 | Surma Mail | Daily |
Towards Chittagong
[edit]Train No. | Train Name | Train Type | Departures |
---|---|---|---|
724 | Udayan Express | Intercity | Daily (except Fri) |
720 | Paharika Express | Intercity | Daily (except Fri) |
14 | Jalalabad Express | Daily |
Towards Akahura
[edit]Train No. | Train Name | Train Type | Departures |
---|---|---|---|
18 | Kushiara Express | Daily |
Education
[edit]There are two public universities in Sylhet: Shahjalal University of Science and Technology and Sylhet Agricultural University.[54] There are some prominent colleges and schools in Sylhet such as Jalalabad Cantonment Public School and College, Parkview Medical College, MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, Sylhet Women's Medical College, North East Medical College, Sylhet Engineering College,[55] Sylhet Cadet College, Murari Chand College,[56] Institute of Health Technology, Sylhet,Border Guard Public School And College, Scholarshome, Blue Bird High School and College, Sylhet Science And Technology College, Sylhet Polytechnic Institute, and Sylhet Government Women's College.
Notable people
[edit]Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]Sylhet is twinned with:[citation needed]
As of 2009, Sylhet has friendly relations with:
The friendship link with St Albans was established in 1988, when the St Albans' district council supported a housing project in Sylhet as part of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless. Sylhet was chosen because it is the home region for a large ethnic minority population in St Albans.[57]
In March 2009 the Mayor of Sylhet, Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran, signed a Memorandum of Understanding to form another friendship link between Sylhet and Rochdale, home to around 10,000 people with Sylheti heritage. The Mayor of Sylhet signed it alongside the Mayor of Rochdale, Cllr Keith Swift, at the Sylhet City Corporation.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Bangladesh clamps down on beggars". BBC News. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- ^ "Sylhet Metropolitan Police". sylhetmetropolitanpolice.com.
- ^ "The Most Beautiful Tea Gardens in Bangladesh to visit". unb.com.bd. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Chowdhury, Aisha Hayder (25 February 2021). "Sylhet in Spirit". The Daily Star. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Martin, Megan (17 October 2022). "Discover the 9 Largest Cities In Bangladesh". AZ Animals. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Ali, Ismail (27 December 2019). "The 'Londoni' Connection". The Daily Star. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Correspondent, Our; Sylhet (9 January 2020). "No more cobweb of cables!". The Daily Star. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ Chowdhury, Mujibur Rahman (31 July 2019). "গৌড়-বঙ্গে মুসলিম বিজয় এবং সুফি-সাধকদের কথা" [Muslim conquest in Gauḍa-Vaṅga and discussion about Sufi ascetics]. Sylheter Dak (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ Choudhury, Achyut Charan (2000) [1916]. "উত্তর শ্রীহট্টের নামতত্ত্ব". Srihatter Itibritta: Uttorangsho (in Bengali). Kolkata: Kotha. p. 21.
- ^ a b Fazal, Tanweer (2013). Minority Nationalisms in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-317-96647-0.
- ^ Sangma, Milton S. (1994). Essays on North-east India: Presented in Memory of Professor V. Venkata Rao. Indus Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-7387-015-6.
- ^ Nath, Pratyay (2019). Climate of Conquest: War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India. Oxford University Press. pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-0-19-949555-9.
- ^ "Welcome sylhetcitycorporationbd.org - Justhost.com". www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
- ^ "Basics of Islam". Londoni. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
- ^ "Welcome sylhetcitycorporationbd.org - Justhost.com". www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
- ^ Monthly Averages for Sylhet, BGD Archived 1 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine MSN Weather. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ^ Siddiquee, Iqbal (10 February 2006). "Sylhet growing as a modern urban centre". Our Cities: 15th Anniversary Special. The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Sylhet". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ The Sylhet City Corporation Archived 12 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Swadhinata Trust. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
- ^ "PM launches 17 Infantry Division". Dhaka Tribune. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ আগামীতে ক্ষমতায় এলে প্রতিটি বিভাগে মেডিকেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় হবে. Ekushey TV (in Bengali).
- ^ সিলেট মেডিকেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় বিল পাস. NTV (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 26 September 2019.
- ^ a b c "Community Series - Sylhet District" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book, 2007 (pdf-file) Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine 2007 Population Estimate. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
- ^ Exploring the Marginalized Archived 27 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Samir Ranjan Nath. BRAC. February 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ^ "Syloti-Nagri alphabet". omniglot.com.
- ^ "Sylheti unicode chart" (PDF).
- ^ Christina Julios (2008). Contemporary British Identity: English Language, Migrants, and Public Discourse. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp.40–41. ISBN 978-0-7546-7158-9
- ^ "Islam in Bangladesh". OurBangla. Archived from the original on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2016.[self-published source]
- ^ David Garbin (17 June 2005). "Bangladeshi Diaspora in the UK : Some observations on socio-culturaldynamics, religious trends and transnational politics" (PDF). University of Surrey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- ^ "Returning home to build mansion". BBC News. 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Haripur Oilfield". Banglapedia.
- ^ Siddiquee, Iqbal (19 October 2011). "Agar farming sees export markets". The Daily Star.
- ^ Iqbal Siddiquee (5 May 2009). "Power, water crises grip Sylhet city". The Daily Star. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
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- ^ Pieal, Jannatul. "'Sylhet is the most beautiful Test venue in Asia'". www.bdcrictime.com.
- ^ Players and Officials – Rajin Saleh Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ Players and Officials – Enamul Haque jnr Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ Players and Officials Hasibul Hussain who was the opening bowler in the 1999 World Cup – Tapash Baisya Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ Players and Officials – Alok Kapali Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ "ইতিহাসের সাক্ষী কায়সার হামিদ". Daily Janakantha (in Bengali). 14 October 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ Sylhet city bus services hike fares on whim Archived 15 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine New Age Metro. 4 November 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ^ Weekly Holiday (22 November 2002). "Biman launches Kuwait-Sylhet flight". Aviatour.
- ^ "First direct international flight lands at Sylhet airport". The Daily Star. 16 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^ "Osmani Airport expansion work begins in July". The Daily Star. 13 May 2004.
- ^ "Runway expansion at Osmani Airport nearing completion". New Age. 12 May 2007. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
- ^ "Biman's Sylhet-London-Sylhet direct flight resumes after 9 years". The Daily Star. 4 October 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
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- ^ Shahjalal University of Science and Technology There are also private universities such as Sylhet International University and Metropolitan University.Archived 27 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Varsity Admission. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ^ "Sylhet Engineering College". The Daily Star. 9 November 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ^ Islam, Mohammad Shafiqul (25 March 2007). "Inter University Debate Competition: Metropolitan University Team Champion". The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ^ a b "Councillors, mayoralty and town twinning". stalbans.gov.uk. St Albans City & District Council. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
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External links
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Sylhet travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official website of Sylhet City Corporation
- Sylhet Tourist Places Video