Shulgi
Shulgi 𒀭𒂄𒄀 | |
---|---|
![]() ![]() | |
King of the Neo-Sumerian Empire | |
Reign | c. 2094 BC – 2046 BC |
Predecessor | Ur-Nammu |
Successor | Amar-Sin |
Issue | Amar-Sin, Liwir-Mitashu |
Dynasty | 3rd Dynasty of Ur |
Father | Ur-Nammu |
Mother | Watartum |
(c. 2094–2046 BC)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BLANK_ICON.png/20px-BLANK_ICON.png)
nin-a-ni..................... "his Lady,"
šul-gi.................... "Shulgi"
nitah kalag-ga...... "the mighty man"
lugal........................"King"
urimki-ma............... "of Ur"
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BLANK_ICON.png/20px-BLANK_ICON.png)
lugal ki-en-............... "King of Sumer"
gi ki-uri-ke4................. "and Akkad,"
e2-a-ni.......................... "her Temple"
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BLANK_ICON.png/20px-BLANK_ICON.png)
mu-na-du3................... "he built"[4]
Shulgi (𒀭𒂄𒄀 dšul-gi, formerly read as Dungi) of Ur was the second king of the Third Dynasty of Ur. He reigned for 48 years, from c. 2094 – c. 2046 BC (Middle Chronology).[5][6] His accomplishments include the completion of construction of the Great Ziggurat of Ur, begun by his father Ur-Nammu. On his inscriptions, he took the titles "King of Ur", "King of Sumer and Akkad", adding "King of the four corners of the universe" in the second half of his reign.[7] He used the symbol for divinity (𒀭) before his name, marking his apotheosis, from the 23rd year of his reign.[8]
Life and reign
[edit]Shulgi was the son of Ur-Nammu king of Ur and his queen consort Watartum. Year-names are known for all 48 years of his reign, providing a fairly complete contemporary view of the highlights of his career.[9]
Shulgi apparently led a major modernization of the Third Dynasty of Ur.[8] He improved communications, reorganized the army, reformed the writing system and weight and measures, unified the tax system, and created a strong bureaucracy.[8] He also promulgated the law code known as the Code of Ur-Nammu after his father.[8]
Shulgi is best known for his extensive revision of the scribal school's curriculum. Although it is unclear how much he actually wrote, there are numerous praise poems written by and directed towards this ruler. He proclaimed himself a god in his 23rd regnal year,[10] and was recognized as such by the whole of Sumer and Akkad.[11]
Some early chronicles castigate Shulgi for his impiety: The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19)[12] states that "he did not perform his rites to the letter, he defiled his purification rituals". CM 48[13] charges him with improper tampering with the rites, composing "untruthful stelae, insolent writings" on them. The Chronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20)[14] accuses him of "criminal tendencies, and the property of Esagila and Babylon he took away as booty."
Name
[edit]Early uncertainties about the reading of cuneiform led to the readings "Shulgi" and "Dungi" being common transliterations before the end of the 19th century. However, over the course of the 20th century, the scholarly consensus gravitated away from dun towards shul as the correct pronunciation of the 𒂄 sign. The spelling of Shulgi's name by scribes with the diĝir determinative reflects his deification during his reign, a status and spelling previously claimed by his Akkadian Empire predecessor Naram-Sin.[8]
-
Portraits of Shulgi from his Nuska seal. Louvre Museum
-
Portrait of Shulgi as a builder, on a foundation nail. Metropolitan Museum of Art
Personal glorification
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Self-praise_of_Shulgi_%28Shulgi_D%29.jpg/320px-Self-praise_of_Shulgi_%28Shulgi_D%29.jpg)
Shulgi also boasted about his ability to maintain high speeds while running long distances. He claimed in his 7th regnal year to have run from Nippur to Ur, a distance of not less than 100 miles.[15] Kramer refers to Shulgi as "The first long distance running champion."[16]
Shulgi wrote 26 royal hymns to glorify himself and his actions. In one Shulgi claimed that he spoke Elamite as well as he spoke Sumerian.[17][18] In another he refers to himself as "the king of the four-quarters, the pastor of the black-headed people".[19]
Some scholars note how he self identified as a "mathematical god" and considers the state he ruled over as the "first mathematical state", citing his praise poems that emphasize his abilities in subtraction, addition calculation and accounting.[20]
Armed conflicts
[edit]While Der had been one of the cities whose temple affairs Shulgi had directed in the first part of his reign, in his 20th year he claimed that the gods had decided that it now be destroyed, apparently as some punishment. The inscriptions state that he "put its field accounts in order" with the pick-axe. His 18th year-name was Year Liwir-mitashu, the king's daughter, was elevated to the ladyship in Marhashi, referring to a country east of Elam and her dynastic marriage to its king, Libanukshabash. Following this, Shulgi engaged in a period of expansionism at the expense of highlanders such as the Lullubi, and destroyed Simurrum (another mountain tribe) and Lulubum nine times between the 26th and 45th years of his reign.[21] In his 30th year, his daughter was married to the governor of Anshan; in his 34th year, he was already levying a punitive campaign against the place. He also destroyed Kimaš and Ḫurti (cities to the east of Ur, somewhere in Elam) in the 45th year of his reign.[22][21] Ultimately, Shulgi was never able to rule any of these distant peoples; at one point, in his 37th year, he was obliged to build a large wall in an attempt to keep them out.[15]
Susa
[edit](c. 2094–2047 BCE)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BLANK_ICON.png/20px-BLANK_ICON.png)
nin-a-ni....................... "his Lady,"
dšul-gi.................... "Shulgi"
nitah kalag-ga........ "the mighty man"
lugal urimki-ma..... "King of Ur"
lugal ki-en-................. "King of Sumer"
gi ki-uri-ke4..................... "and Akkad,"
nam-ti-la-ni-še3........... "for his life"
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BLANK_ICON.png/20px-BLANK_ICON.png)
a mu-na-ru................... "dedicated (this)"
Shulgi is known to have made dedications at Susa, as foundation nails with his name, dedicated to god Inshushinak have been found there.[28] One of the votive foundation nails reads: "The god 'Lord of Susa,' his king, Shulgi, the mighty male, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, the..., his beloved temple, built.".[29][30][31] An etched carnelian bead, now located in the Louvre Museum (Sb 6627) and inscribed with a dedication by Shulgi was also found in Susa, the inscription reading: "Ningal, his mother, Shulgi, god of his land, King of Ur, King of the four world quarters, for his life dedicated (this)".[32][33][34]
The Ur III dynasty had held control over Susa since the demise of Puzur-Inshushinak, and they built numerous buildings and temples there. This control was continued by Shulgi as shown by his numerous dedications in the city-state.[35] He also engaged in marital alliances, by marrying his daughters to rulers of eastern territories, such as Anšan, Marhashi and Bashime.[35]
-
Votive tablet of Shulgi, excavated in Susa: "For the goddess Ninhursag of Susa, his Lady, Shulgi, the great man, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, built her temple ". Louvre Museum, Sb 2884.[36][37]
-
Carnelian bead with dedicatory inscription by Shulgi, found in Susa. Louvre Museum, Sb 6627
Year names
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Terracotta_tablet_listing_the_year_formulae_of_king_Shulgi._Ur_III_period._From_Iraq._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Terracotta_tablet_listing_the_year_formulae_of_king_Shulgi._Ur_III_period._From_Iraq._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg)
There are extensive remains for the year names of Shulgi, which have been entirely reconstructed from year 1 to year 48. Some of the most important are:[39]
1. Year : Šulgi is king
2. Year: The foundations of the temple of Ningubalag were laid
6. Year: The king straightened out the Nippur road
7. Year: The king made a round trip between Ur and Nippur (in one day)
10. Year: The royal mountain-house (the palace) was built
18. Year: Liwirmittašu, the daughter of the king, was elevated to the queenship of Marhashi
21c. Year: Der was destroyed
24. Year: Karahar was destroyed
25. Year: Simurrum was destroyed
27. Year after: "Šulgi the strong man, the king of the four corners of the universe, destroyed Simurrum for the second time"
27b. Year: "Harszi was destroyed"
30. Year: The governor of Anšan took the king's daughter into marriage
31. Year: Karhar was destroyed for the second time
32. Year: Simurrum was destroyed for the third time
34. Year: Anshan was destroyed
37. Year: The wall of the land was built
42. Year: The king destroyed Šašrum
44. Year: Simurrum and Lullubum were destroyed for the ninth time
45. Year: Šulgi, the strong man, the king of Ur, the king of the four-quarters, smashed the heads of Urbilum, Simurrum, Lullubum and Karhar in a single campaign
46. Year: Šulgi, the strong man, the king of Ur, the king of the four-quarters, destroyed Kimaš, Hurti and their territories in a single day
Year name 39 of Shulgi was "The year Šulgi, king of Ur, king of the four quarters, built é-Puzriš-Dagan, a residence {palace? temple?} of Šulgi".[42]
Marriages
[edit]Shulgi was a contemporary of the Shakkanakku rulers of Mari, particularly Apil-kin and Iddi-ilum.[43][44] An inscription mentions that Taram-Uram, the daughter of Apil-kin, became the "daughter-in-law" of Ur-Nammu, and therefore the Queen of king Shulgi.[45][46] In the inscription, she called herself "daughter-in-law of Ur-Nammu", and "daughter of Apil-kin, Lugal ("King") of Mari", suggesting for Apil-kin a position as a supreme ruler, and pointing to a marital alliance between Mari and Ur.[47][48]
Nin-kalla was a queen at the end of the king's reign. Many texts show that she was running the palace in Nippur.[49] Another important royal woman, but not a queen, was Ea-niša. She appears in many texts and had an influential position at the royal court, perhaps as concubine.[50] Shulgi-simti, who is known from a high number of texts presenting evidence for her economic power, had similar status. The archive shows she sirected various large animals to use in rituals for deities including Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban, Annunitum, Ulmašītum, Nanna, Ninlil and Enlil.[51] From thirty-second to forty-seventh year of Shulgi's reign she was in charge of the acceptance of ritual animals. On their death "libation places" for her and Shulgi were established.[52][53] Another important woman was Geme-Ninlilla who appears in texts at the end of the king's reign. Other, less well known royal women are Šuqurtum and Simat-Ea.
Shulgi, with many wives and concubines, is known to have had at least sixteen sons including Amar-dDa-mu, Lu-dNanna, Lugal-a-zi-da, Ur-dSuen, Amar-Sin (his throne name) as well as one daughter, Peš-tur-tur.[54][55] The name of another daughter, Šāt-Kukuti, is known from a cuneiform tablet.[56] A daughter, Taram-Šulgi was married to the ruler of Pašime, Šudda-bani.[45][57]
Artifacts and inscriptions
[edit]-
Lugal Urimkima/ Lugal Kiengi Kiuri 𒈗𒋀𒀊𒆠𒈠𒈗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒆠𒌵, "King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, on a votive tablet of Shulgi. The final ke4 𒆤 is the composite of -k (genitive case) and -e (ergative case).[58]
-
Shulgi completed the great Ziggurat of Ur
-
Earrings inscribed in the name of Shulgi.[59]
-
Seal of Shulgi, with worshipper and seated deity: "Shulgi, the mighty hero, King of Ur, king of the four regions, Ur-(Pasag?) the scribe, thy servant".[60]
-
Mace head in the name of Shulgi (inscription upside down). British Museum.
-
Duck-shaped official weight of 2 mina, reign of Shulgi, from Ur, Iraq. British Museum.
-
Weight of +1⁄2 mina (actual weight 248 gr.) dedicated by King Shulgi and bearing the emblem of the crescent moon: it was used in the temple of the Moon-God at Ur. Diorite, beginning of the 21st century BC (Ur III). Louvre Museum, Department of Oriental Antiquities, Richelieu, first floor, room 2, case 6
-
Tablet of Shulgi, glorifies the king and his victories on the Lullubi people and mentions the modern-city of Erbil and the modern-district of Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq
See also
[edit]- Correspondence of the Kings of Ur
- History of Sumer
- List of Mesopotamian dynasties
- Sumerian king list
- Self-praise of Shulgi
References
[edit]- ^ Full transcription: "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
- ^ "Nimintabba tablet". British Museum.
- ^ Enderwitz, Susanne; Sauer, Rebecca (2015). Communication and Materiality: Written and Unwritten Communication in Pre-Modern Societies. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 28. ISBN 978-3-11-041300-7.
- ^ a b "(For the goddess) Nimintabba, his lady, Shulgi, mighty man, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, her house, built." in Expedition. University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. 1986. p. 30.
- ^ The Oxford companion to archaeology. 1. Ache-Hoho. Oxford University Press. 2012. p. 458. ISBN 9780195076189.
- ^ "Ur III Empire – Oxford Reference". Oxfordreference.com.
- ^ [1]Suter, Claudia E., "A Shulgi statuette from Tello", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 43.1, pp. 63-70, 1991
- ^ a b c d e Potts, D. T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780521564960.
- ^ "T6K2.htm". Cdli.ucla.edu. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
- ^ Van De Mieroop, Marc. (2005). A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000–323 BC, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 76
- ^ Woolley, C. Leonard. The Sumerians. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 132. ISBN 0-393-00292-6.
- ^ "The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19)". Archived from the original on 28 February 2006.
- ^ "The kings of Ur (CM 48)". Archived from the original on 10 May 2006.
- ^ "Chronicle of early kings (ABC 20)". Archived from the original on 28 February 2006.
- ^ a b Hamblin, William J. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. New York: Routledge, 2006.
- ^ [2]Kramer, Samuel Noah, "Shulgi of Ur: The First Long-Distance Champion", in History begins at Sumer: Thirty-nine firsts in recorded history, University of Pennsylvania press, pp. 284-289, 1981
- ^ Klein, Jacob, "The Royal Hymns of Shulgi King of Ur: man's quest for immortal fame", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 71.7, pp. 1-48, 1981
- ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah, "Shulgi of Ur: A royal hymn and a divine blessing", The Jewish Quarterly Review 57, pp. 369-380, 1967
- ^ "I am the king of the four-quarters, I am a shepherd, the pastor of the "black-headed people"" in Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-134-75084-9.
- ^ "Red Traces, Part 11: The social origins of early mathematics". counterfire.
- ^ a b Samuel Noah Kramer (17 September 2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8.
- ^ Ghobadizadeh, Hamzeh and Sallaberger, Walther, "Šulgi in the Kuhdasht Plain: Bricks from a Battle Monument at the Crossroads of Western Pish-e Kuh and the Localisation of Kimaš and Ḫurti", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 3-33, 2023
- ^ (RIME 3/2, p. 161-162)
- ^ "DINGIR.NIN.LILA / NIN-A-NI / DINGIR.SHUL.GI / NITA-KALAG.GA / LUGAL URI/ .KI-MA / LUGAL.KI.EN / GI KI-URI3.KI / NAM.TI.LA NI.SHE3/ A MU.NA.RU." Inscription Translation: "To Ninlil, his lady, Shulgi, mighty man, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, has dedicated (this stone) for the sake of his life." "cylinder seal / bead". British Museum.
- ^ "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
- ^ Sb 6627 Potts, Daniel T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. xiv. ISBN 978-0-521-56496-0.
- ^ Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
- ^ Potts, Professor Daniel T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. xiv. ISBN 978-0-521-56496-0.
- ^ "CDLI-Found Texts Louvre Museum Sb 2881". cdli.ucla.edu.
- ^ "Votive Foundation Nails". dla.library.upenn.edu.
- ^ Potts, Daniel T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 133, Plate 5.1. ISBN 978-0-521-56496-0.
- ^ Potts, D.T (29 July 1999). The Archaeology of Elam. p. 134, Plate 5.2 Sb 6627. ISBN 9780521564960.
- ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
- ^ "Shulgi perle (color image)". Louvre Museum.
- ^ a b Potts, Daniel T. (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. John Wiley & Sons. p. 746. ISBN 978-1-4051-8988-0.
- ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
- ^ "BnF – L'Aventure des écritures". classes.bnf.fr.
- ^ a b "Šulgi Year Names (Ist Ni 00394)". cdli.ox.ac.uk.
- ^ Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-134-52062-6.
- ^ "Šulgi Year Names". cdli.ox.ac.uk.
- ^ https://cdli-gh.github.io/year-names/HTML/T6K2.htm Complete list of Šulgi Year Names]
- ^ [3]Sharlach, Tonia, "Šulgi, Mighty Man, King of Ur", Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East, pp. 211-20, 2016
- ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.
- ^ Abusch, I. Tzvi; Noyes, Carol (2001). Proceedings of the XLV Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale: historiography in the cuneiform world. CDL Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-883053-67-3.
- ^ a b Sharlach, T. M. (2017). An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-5015-0522-5.
- ^ Eppihimer, Melissa (2019). Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-19-090303-9.
- ^ Lipiński, Edward (1995). Immigration and Emigration Within the Ancient Near East. Peeters Publishers. p. 187. ISBN 9789068317275.
- ^ CIVIL, Michel (1962). "Un nouveau synchronisme Mari-III e dynastie d'Ur". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 56 (4): 213. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23295098.
- ^ T. M. Sharlach: An Ox of One's Own, Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 2017, ISBN 978-1-5015-1447-0, 102-115
- ^ T. M. Sharlach: An Ox of One's Own, Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 2017, ISBN 978-1-5015-1447-0, 140-157
- ^ Sharlach, T. M., "Sacrifice: An Overview of the Cultic Events to which the Shulgi-simti Foundation Contributed", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 239-260, 2017
- ^ Sharlach, Tonia M., "Shulgi-simti and the Representation of Women in Historical Sources", Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by Her Students. Leiden & Boston, Brill, pp. 363-368, 2007
- ^ [4]Gomi, Tohru, "Shulgi-simti and her Libation Place (ki-a-nag)", Orient 12, pp. 1-14, 1976
- ^ Changyu Liu, "Prosopography of individuals delivering animals to Puzriš-Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia", Akkadica 142/2, 2021, pp. 113-142
- ^ [5]Changyu Liu, "Prosopographical Statistics Appendix of the article 'Prosopography of individuals delivering animals to Puzriš-Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia'", Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints, 24.0, 1 April 2022
- ^ Ali, Basil Bashar, and Khalid Salim Ismael, "Šāt-kukuti The Daughter of King Šulgi in a New Text from the Iraqi Museum", Athar Alrafedain 8.2, pp. 266-280, 2023
- ^ Sharlach, Tonia, "Princely Employments in the Reign of Shulgi", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-68, 2022
- ^ Edzard, Dietz Otto (2003). Sumerian Grammar. BRILL. p. 36. ISBN 978-90-474-0340-1.
- ^ "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
- ^ a b Ward, William Hayes (1910). The seal cylinders of western Asia. Washington : Carnegie Inst. p. 27.
- ^ a b Simo Parpola, Asko Parpola and Robert H. Brunswig, Jr "The Meluḫḫa Village: Evidence of Acculturation of Harappan Traders in Late Third Millennium Mesopotamia?" in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Vol. 20, No. 2, 1977, p. 136-137
- ^ "Collections Online British Museum". britishmuseum.org.
Further reading
[edit]- Aubaid, Nwr Saadwn, and Muhannad Ashwr Shnawah, "Some of the historical formulas with the military significant from the king shulgi", ISIN Journal 5, pp. 311-318, 2023
- Carroué, F., "Šulgi et la Temple Bagara", ZA 90, pp. 161–93, 2000
- de Maaijer, R., "Šulgi’s Jubilee: Where’s the Party?", in On the Third Dynasty of Ur: Studies in Honor of Marcel Sigrist, ed. P. Michalowski. JCS Suppl. 1. Boston: ASOR, pp. 45–52, 2008
- [6]Richard Firth, "Notes on Year Names of the Early Ur III Period: Šulgi 20-30", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2013 (1), 2013
- Fish, Thomas, "The cult of the King Dungi during the third dynasty of Ur", Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 11.2, pp. 322-328, 1927
- Michalowski, P., "Death of Šulgi", OrNS 46, pp. 220–25, 1977
- Sigrist, M., "Les noms d’anée du règne du roi Šulgi", in Why Should Someone Who Knows Something Conceal It? Cuneiform Studies in Honor of David I. Owen on His 70th Birthday, ed. A. Kleinerman and J. M. Sasson. Bethesda: CDL, pp. 219–38, 2010
- Sharlach, Tonia M., "Local and Imported Religion at Ur Late in the Reign of Shulgi", Ur in the Twenty-First Century CE: Proceedings of the 62nd Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Philadelphia, July 11–15 2016, pp. 429-440, 2021
- Winters, Ryan, "The Royal Herdsmen of Ur: Compensation and Centralization in the Reign of Shulgi", Journal of Cuneiform Studies. JCS, vol. 72, pp. 47–64, 2020
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Shulgi's axe sold illegally in Germany from the German Middle East magazine zenith
- The face of Shulgi. A realistic statue shows us how Shulgi may have looked in real life.